TQ Quiz | Metabolic Drivers of Ocular Damage Insulin Resistance, GLP-1, Muscle Health, and Antioxidants in Disease and Prevention (Amsterdam 2026)

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1. Insulin is fundamentally:*

A - Sex hormone

B - Stress hormone

C - Thyroid hormone

D - Energy-storage hormone

2. Which is not a component of the Metabolic Syndrome:*

A - Triglycerides

B - Blood glucose

C - Blood pressure

D - LDL cholesterol

E - Abdominal central obesity

3. Metabolic syndrome is characterized by five diagnostic criteria. How many of the five criteria are required for a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome?*

A - 1

B - 2

C - 3

D - 4

E - 5

4. Metabolic syndrome was formerly known as:*

A - Syndrome I

B - Syndrome 5

C - Insulin sensitivity syndrome

D - Insulin resistance syndrome

5. Which definition of “metabolically healthy” is considered most clinically useful?*

A - Normal fasting glucose alone

B - Absence of elevated LDL cholesterol

C - Meeting zero metabolic syndrome criteria only

D - Focus on insulin sensitivity, visceral fat, inflammation, and metabolic flexibility

6. Which metabolic marker often precedes abnormal fasting glucose or HbA1c by years?*

A - Elevated fasting insulin

B - Elevated LDL cholesterol

C - Reduced HDL cholesterol

D - Increased ketone production

7. Chronic elevation of cortisol contributes to metabolic dysfunction primarily by:*

A - Increasing muscle insulin sensitivity

B - Reducing hepatic glucose output

C - Promoting visceral fat accumulation and hyperinsulinemia

D - Suppressing inflammatory cytokines

8. Which of the following is a consequence of chronically elevated cortisol levels?*

A - Improved glucose disposal

B - Increased insulin sensitivity

C - Hyperinsulinemia and impaired glucose disposal

D - Reduced visceral fat accumulation

9. In metabolic syndrome, elevated triglycerides are best explained by:*

A - Reduced dietary fat intake

B - Increased LDL receptor activity

C - De novo lipogenesis driven by excess insulin and glucose

D - Impaired renal clearance of lipids

10. Which clinical finding may indicate insulin resistance even when routine labs appear normal?*

A - Low intraocular pressure

B - Triglyceride-to-HDL ratio above ideal range

C - Reduced visual acuity

D - Elevated LDL cholesterol alone

11. Which of the following is listed as one of the three cardinal causes of insulin resistance?*

A - Dehydration

B - Hyperinsulinemia

C - Low cholesterol

D - Vitamin D deficiency

12. Which of the following inflammatory cytokines has been linked to insulin resistance?*

A - Dopamine

B - Melatonin

C - Serotonin

D - Tumor Necrosis Factor-α

13. Which hormone is considered essential for fat cell enlargement and the development of obesity?*

A - Thyroxine

B - Epinephrine

C - Insulin

D - Melatonin

14. As insulin resistance develops, the body initially compensates by:*

A - Producing less insulin

B - Increasing glucagon secretion

C - Increasing insulin production (hyperinsulinemia)

D - Lowering blood glucose levels

15. Why can a patient be metabolically unhealthy despite a “normal” HbA1c?*

A - HbA1c only reflects short-term glucose intake

B - HbA1c is inaccurate in adults over 50

C - HbA1c primarily measures lipid metabolism

D - Elevated insulin levels cause insulin resistance to many cells of the body before glucose becomes abnormal

16. The phrase "Knowledge is logical; implementation is biological" suggests that:*

A - Education is unimportant

B - Human behavior is influenced by biological and hormonal signals

C - Weight loss is purely psychological

D - Addiction is unrelated to metabolism.

17. Which of the following is a less commonly recognized effect of GLP-1 agonists?*

A - Increased appetite

B - Improved muscle insulin sensitivity and glucose utilization

C - Increased hepatic glucose production

D - Reduced mitochondrial function

18. Micronutrients differ from macronutrients in that micronutrients:*

A - Replace pharmacologic therapies

B - Provide the majority of cellular energy

C - Are only needed during disease states

D - Act as regulators and protectors of cellular function

19. Why are carotenoid levels considered a useful metabolic biomarker?*

A - They directly measure insulin levels

B - They reflect long-term antioxidant reserve and redox buffering capacity

C - They indicate acute dietary compliance

D - They replace standard laboratory testing

20. Measuring antioxidant status is clinically valuable because it:*

A - Diagnoses metabolic syndrome

B - Eliminates the need for patient counseling

C - Predicts exact disease onset timelines

D - Serves as objective feedback for lifestyle and nutrition adherence

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