In a case-based grand rounds format, this course will examine the gamut of optic neuropathies. Included in the discussion will be papilledema, pseudotumor cerebri, ischemic neuropathy, infiltrative neuropathy, compressive neuropathy, and infectious neuropathy. Differential diagnoses, clinical findings, and management algorithms are emphasized. Numerous odes are presented to assist the audience in remembering key concepts. In a case-based format, common retinal vascular conditions will be addressed with emphasis on new management protocols. Specifically, there will be discussions on the relationship between acute retinal ischemia and stroke risk. Further, the relationship between vein occlusions and abnormal autoimmunity are discussed. Current management of TIA and retinal emboli are presented.